Shaft components play an important role in hardware fittings, and they are usually used to support transmission parts to transmit torque and carry loads. Axis components can be divided into several categories based on their structural form, such as optical axis, stepped axis, and irregular axis. These types of parts are mainly used in machines to support transmission components such as gears and pulleys to ensure smooth operation of the machine.
Axis components are typically designed as rotating structures, with their length often much greater than their diameter. This type of component usually consists of an outer cylindrical surface, a conical surface, an inner hole, threads, and corresponding end faces. According to their different structural shapes, shaft components can be further subdivided into types such as optical axis, stepped shaft, hollow shaft, and crankshaft.
A shaft component with a length to diameter ratio less than 5 is called a short shaft, while a shaft with a ratio greater than 20 is called a slender shaft, and most shaft components are in between the two. Shaft components are usually used in conjunction with bearings, and the part of the shaft neck in contact with the bearing is called the shaft neck. As the assembly reference of the shaft, the accuracy and surface quality of the journal are usually required to be high. The positional accuracy requirements of shaft components mainly depend on the position and function of the shaft in the machinery. Generally, it is necessary to ensure the coaxiality of the shaft neck of the assembled transmission components with the supporting shaft neck to ensure the precise operation of the transmission components and reduce noise.
The geometric accuracy of shaft parts usually refers to the roundness and cylindricity of the shaft neck, outer cone surface, Mohs taper hole, etc., and their tolerances should usually be limited within the dimensional tolerance range. For inner and outer circular surfaces with high precision requirements, allowable deviations should be marked on the drawing. In terms of dimensional accuracy, the journal that plays a supporting role usually requires higher dimensional accuracy, while the journal that assembles transmission components usually has lower dimensional accuracy.

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